Forensic scientist career
If you have an enquiring mind, excellent communication skills and a
methodical approach to work, a career as a forensic scientist may be for you
As a forensic scientist you'll provide impartial scientific evidence for
use in courts of law to support the prosecution or defence in criminal and
civil investigations.
You'll be primarily concerned with searching for and examining contact
trace material associated with crimes. This material can include:
- blood
and other body fluids
- hairs
- fibres
from clothing
- paint
and glass fragments
- tyre
marks
- flammable
substances used to start fires.
Although evidence is usually presented in writing as a formal statement
of evidence or report, you may have to attend court to give your evidence in
person.
Types of forensic scientist
Job activities depend on the area of forensics in which you work. The
main areas are:
- chemistry,
which is connected to crimes against property, such as burglary and arson
- biology,
which is connected to crimes against people, such as murder, assault and rape
- drugs and toxicology.
Within these areas, the work usually involves:
- chemistry -
the examination of substances such as paint or chemicals, including fire
investigation and accident reconstruction
- biology -
DNA testing and the examination of minute contact traces, such as blood,
hair and clothing fibres
- drugs and toxicology -
testing for restricted drugs, examining tissue specimens for poison
detection, and the analysis of blood and urine samples for alcohol, for
example in drink driving offences.
Responsibilities
As a forensic scientist, you'll need to:
- analyse
samples, such as hair, body fluids, glass, paint and drugs, in the
laboratory
- apply
techniques such as gas and high performance liquid chromatography,
scanning electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and
genetic fingerprinting
- sift
and sort evidence, often held in miniscule quantities
- record
findings and collect trace evidence from scenes of crimes or accidents
- attend
and examine scenes of crimes
- liaise
with team members and coordinate with outside agencies such as the police
- analyse
and interpret results and computer data
- review
and supervise the work of assistants
- present
the results of your work in written form or by giving oral evidence
- justify
findings under cross-examination in courts of law
- research
and develop new forensic techniques.
Not all forensic scientists get involved with crime scene work or
reporting. Some choose to stay in the laboratory.
Salary
- Salaries
for forensic scientists typically start at £20,000.
- With
experience, salaries can increase to between £25,000 and £35,000.
- Salaries
at senior levels can exceed £45,000,
Income figures are intended as a guide only.
Working hours
Although you'll typically work normal office hours, you may have to do
shifts or be on call. Crimes may happen at any time, so you must be prepared to
work evenings and weekends.
What to expect
- Although
most of the work is laboratory-based, experienced forensic scientists may
have to attend crime scenes. The balance of work in the laboratory, court
and office varies between roles.
- The
work may be stressful and distressing at times, particularly when
attending scenes of crimes. You'll need to feel comfortable presenting and
defending your evidence in court under cross-examination.
- If
attending a crime scene, you'll need to wear protective clothing to
prevent contamination of the scene and sometimes to protect yourself from
hazardous materials.
- The
work can be painstaking and time consuming so you'll need to have
patience.
- Although
there isn't generally much travel involved, you may need to travel to
attend conferences and training courses.
Qualifications
To work as a forensic scientist you'll usually need either a degree in a
scientific subject, such as biological sciences or chemistry, or a degree in
forensic science. Degree subjects such as statistics and geology can be useful
for entry into specialist areas of forensic science.
While there's been an increase in the number of forensic science
undergraduate degree courses, they don't all provide the skills and knowledge
required to work as a forensic scientist, so check details of accredited
courses with The Chartered Society of
Forensic Sciences (CSFS).
Competition for jobs is intense, so you may want to take an MSc or PhD in
forensic science. A Masters in a forensic specialty such as archaeology or
anthropology can also be useful. Search for postgraduate
courses in forensic science.
If you want to work as an assistant forensic scientist, you'll need at
least four good GCSE passes, including English and either science
(biology/chemistry) or maths, and at least one A-level or equivalent in a
science subject. In practice, however, many assistant forensic scientists have
at least a first degree.
Skills
You will need to have:
- the
capacity to undertake fine, analytical, painstaking work with exceptional
attention to detail
- a
logical, unbiased and methodical approach to problem solving
- a
persistent approach and enquiring mind
- the
ability to work well in a team, as well as independently
- strong
written and oral communication skills and the ability to communicate
scientific information to non-experts
- the
ability to work to deadlines.
You'll also need good colour vision.
Work experience
You'll typically need experience working in a laboratory, for example in
a hospital or a research centre. Work placements occasionally arise in
biological research and development.
Entry remains competitive and you might find short-term contracts and
agency work that could lead to full-time appointments. It may also be worth
sending targeted speculative applications to ask about work experience or work
shadowing opportunities with relevant organisations such as police forces.
Employers
Forensic scientists are employed by commercial companies such as Cellmark Forensic Services, ESG and LGC
(Forensic Science) that provide forensic science services to the
police and other agencies.
In Scotland, a national forensic service, which includes biology,
chemistry, DNA, drugs analysis, scene investigation, fingerprints and
specialist services (such as documents and handwriting) is provided by
the Scottish Police
Authority Forensic Services.
Other employers include:
- forensic
science units within local police forces, such as the Metropolitan Police
Specialist Crime and Operations (SC&O)
- government
departments such as the Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
and the Centre For Applied Science and Technology (CAST)
- Forensic
Science Northern Ireland (FSNI), an agency within the Department of
Justice.
You might also be employed by medical schools, university research
departments, public health laboratories and companies dealing in specialist
areas such as fire investigation.
Look for job vacancies at:
- The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences
- Forensic Science Northern Ireland
(FSNI)
- New Scientist Jobs
- Scottish Police Authority
There's no one place where jobs are advertised, so check the websites of
relevant professional bodies, police forces and key employers, as well as
industry publications.
Strong links exist between some university departments and employers, so
check with your university for potential contacts.
Professional development
The training you receive will vary depending on your employer and area of
specialty. However, you'll usually follow a programme of on-the-job training
and development involving short courses and practical case work. Areas covered
may include laboratory skills and proficiency tests, blood pattern analysis and
statement writing. More generally, you may receive training in health and
safety, court room and presentation skills, and project management.
The changing nature of forensic science means that it's vital that you
keep up to date with the latest research and developments throughout your
career. A series of qualifications, as well as other continuing professional
development (CPD) opportunities such as conferences, seminars, lectures and
workshops, are provided by the CSFS.
They also offer a range of Professional Postgraduate Diplomas for
experienced practitioners in crime scene investigation, document examination,
identity documents, firearms examination and fire investigation.
It's also possible to study for a Masters or PhD in forensic science or
in a forensic specialty such as archaeology or anthropology.
Career prospects
Although entry into the profession is competitive, career prospects are
generally good. Promotion is based on experience, responsibility and appraisal
reports. Being geographically mobile can be helpful when looking for new roles.
You'll usually need to get between two and five years' experience after
entry in order to progress to the role of reporting officer. This involves
taking on your own cases, dealing directly with the police and bringing
together evidence into a statement. You may need to give evidence in court as
an expert witness.
With further experience you could go on to become a casework examiner,
responsible for coordinating work in your area of expertise. You would
supervise the work of others, visit scenes of crime, attend conferences and may
also carry out research and publish articles.
It's possible to move into a managerial position, but career development
often depends on developing an area of expertise. It's also possible to follow
a career in research.
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